The Cross-Cultural Invariance of the Servant Leadership Survey: A Comparative Study across Eight Countries

Author: Andrea Bobbio, E. Cihan Duyan, S. Gunnarsd\uf3ttir, J. Hakanen, A. Pircher Verdorfer, R. Rodriguez Carvajal, M. Sousa, D. Van Dierendonck
Publisher: MDPI AG

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This paper tests and confirms the cross-cultural equivalence of the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS) in eight countries and languages: The Netherlands, Portugal, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Spain, Turkey and Finland. A composite sample consisting of 5201 respondents from eight countries that all filled out the SLS was used. A three-step approach was adopted to test configural invariance, measurement equivalence, and structural equivalence. For the full 30-item version of the SLS, configural invariance and partial measurement equivalence were confirmed. Implications of these results for the use of the SLS within cross-cultural studies are discussed

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